1900:  A Preview of the 20c  Albert Einstein (biography) Alexander Palace Time Machine:  Everyday Life in a Romanov Palace Amedeo Modigliani (WeMuseum) Art Nouveau (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works Beatrice Potter Web (Spartacus Site) Benjamin Disraeli (Spartacus Site) Bloody Sunday:  The Political Progression of the Workers' Movement in Early Twentieth Century Russia "Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Failure of Reform in Austria-Hungary" - lecture British House of Commons Election Results:  1832-1983 (Spartacus Site) Charles Darwin and Evolution Creating French Culture:  Treasures from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France The Crystal Palace Exhibit Cubism (Artcyclopedia) Dickens' London:  The East End Domestic Life in 19c England Early 20th Century Cultural Conflicts Early Modern Art Edvard Munch Edward VII of England (Spartacus Site) The Emancipation of British Women:  1750-1920 (Spartacus) The Empire That Was Russia:  Ethnic Diversity The Empire That Was Russia:  People at Work "Enfranchising Women: The Politics of Women's Suffrage in Europe 1789-1945" - tutorial with documents and other resources European Art Nouveau Evolution: Darwin (PBS) Extracts from the Times of London (1850-1851) on the culture of Victorian London The Fabian Society (Spartacus Site) Fauvism (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works The First Impressionist Exhibition, 1874 Futurism Georges Braque Grandmother of Europe:  Queen Victoria, Her Children, and Her Grandchildren H. G. Wells (Spartacus Site) High Victorian Gothic Architecture in England - many photos The House of Romanov:  Geneological Chart The House of Saxe-Coburg-Windsor Genealogical Chart (England) Images of Black Victorians in Britain Impressionism (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works Impressionism (Web Museum) The Impressionists (Biography.com) "Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London - Robert F. Haggard in Essays in History Map-->"Two Solutions to the Eastern Question: The Treaty of San Stefano; The Congress of Berlin:  1878" Monuments and Dust:  The Culture of Victorian London Nietzsche, Freud, and the Thrust Toward Modernism (1) - from the series "Lectures on 20c Europe" Nietzsche, Freud, and the Thrust Toward Modernism (2) - from the series "Lectures on 20c Europe" Pablo Picasso People of Action During the 19c People of Ideas During the 19c The Perspectives of Nietzsche Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Collected Works Post-Impressionism - large list of artists and their works The Posters of Toulouse-Lautrec The Pre-Raphaelites Prints Abound:  Paris in the 1890s (National Gallery of Art) Queen Victoria (Spartacus Site) Queen Victoria:  Images of Her World [100s of black and white photos] Random Thoughts on the Intellectual History of 20c Europe - from the series "Lectures on 20c Europe" The Revolution of 1905 in Russia The Second Industrial Revolution The Second Reich Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna Socialism:  Venn Diagram The Stolypin Agrarian Reform, 1906 Symbolism Art Movement (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works Victoria's London Victorian London Victoria Research Web Victoria Station The Victorian Census Project Victorian Epics The Victorian Era - articles in the magazine, History in Focus The Victorian Web Victorian Web Sites Vienna 1900 Wassily Kandinski "The Western Traditions" video series on line - The Annenburg Foundation William Gladstone (Spartacus Site) William Morris (Spartacus Site) Women and Birth Control (Spartacus Site) Zionism

 
   
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1840-1900:  The Spread of Railways in the 19c - charts 1854:  Caroline Norton - English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century 1855:  Caroline Norton - Letter to the Queen on Marriage and Divorce Bill 1856:  A General View of Positivism - Auguste Comte 1857:  Social Darwinism - Herbert Spenser 1857:  Women and Work - Barbara Leigh Smith 1858:  "A House of Mercy" - Bessie Rainer Parkes 1859:  Origin of Species - Charles Darwin 1860:  "Medicine as a Profession for Women" - Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell 1861:  Czar Alexander II's Address in the State Council Emancipating the Russian Serfs 1854:  "The Case for Equal Education" - read at the National Assoc. for the Promotion of Social Science 1864:  Cuanta Cura - encyclical by Pope Pius IX 1866:  "The Exclusion of Women from the Franchise" - John Stuart Mill in the House of Commons (7/17) 1866:  'A Reform Letter from a Single Lady', Punch (5/5) 1867:  The Claim of Englishwomen to the Suffrage Constitutionally Considered - Helen Taylor 1867:  "A Leap in the Dark" - political cartoon on the 1867 Reform Bill - John Tenniel in Punch  (8/3) 1867:  The right of women to vote under the Reform Act - R. M. Pankhurst 1868:  "The Enfranchised Washerwoman" - poem in Punch 9/19 1869:  Reasons for and against the Enfranchisement of Women - Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon 1869:  The Subjugation of Women - John Stuart Mill 1870:  The Ladies Protest - Josephine Butler 1870-1913:  Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization in the Western World 1871:  The Descent of Man - Charles Darwin 1871:  The Internationale (lyrics and sound files) 1871:  "Less Than Justice for Women" - Women's Suffrage Journal (7/1) 1871:  On the Genesis of the Species - St. George Jackson Mivart 1872:  Points of Supposed Collision Between the Scriptures and Natural Science - J. H. Gladstone 1872:  Secret Ballot Act (Britain) 1872:  The Use of Conflict - Walter Bagehot 1873:  Liberalism Evaluated - John Stuart Mill 1873:  On the Use and Abuse of History for Life -  Friedrich Nietzsche 1874:  Why Women Desire the Franchise - Frances Power Cobbe 1875:  A New Standard of Value - Walter Bagehot 1876:  The Emancipation of Women - Maria Eugenia Echenique 1876:  Speech on the Women's Disabilities Removal Bill - John Bright, M.P. (4/26) 1877:  La Femme Libre - Léon Richer 1878:  Germ Theory and Its Application to Medicine and Surgery - Louis Pasteur 1879:  Geographical Evolution - Archibald Geikie 1879:  "What is to be Done with the Slums?" - W. M. Torrens in Macmillan's Magazine (April) 1880:  Extension of the Germ Theory - H. C. Ernst 1880:  A Portuguese Shooting Party - Oswald Crawford 1880:  Science and Culture - Thomas H. Huxley 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part I -- Improvements Now Practicable" - Octavia Hill in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part II -- The Mischief of State Aid" - Lord Shaftsbury in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part III -- The Existing Law" - H. O. Arnold-Forster in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part IV -- A Workman's Reflections" - William Glazier in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  Corrupt Practices Act (Britain) 1883:  Homes of the London Poor - Octavia Hill 1883:  "Labourers' and Artisans Dwellings" - Joseph Chamberlain in the Fortnightly Review (12/1) 1884:  Extent of the Universe - Simon Newcomb 1884:  The Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State - Friedrich Engels 1884:  Why I Am A Socialist - William Morris 1885:  Germinal -  Emile Zola 1885:  "Methodism and 'The Bitter Cry of Outcast London'" - Forster Crozier 1885:  Redistribution Act (Britain) 1887:  Observations of Bloody Sunday Riots in London 1888:  The Struggle for Existence - Thomas H. Huxley 1889:  An Appeal Against Female Suffrage (June) - Mrs. Humphry Ward, et. al. 1889:  The Declaration of Utrecht 1889:  The Development of the Democratic Ideal - Sydney Webb 1889:  The Historic Basis of Socialism - Sydney Webb late 19c:  Evolutionary Socialism - Edouard Bernstein 1891:  On the Condition of the Working Classes [Rerum Novarum] - Pope Leo XIII 1892:  Female Suffrage - A Letter to Samuel Smith, M. P. from William Gladstone (4/11) 1893:  "Scream" - painting by Edvard Munch 1896:  Archbishops of England Reply to Pope Leo XIII 1896:  Why I am a Socialist - William Morris 1898:  A Critique of Nihilism by Constantine Pobedonostsev: "The Ideals of Unbelief" 1898:  J'accuse - Emile Zola 1898:  The Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom - Andrew White late 19c:  Five Years of My Life - Captain Alfred Dreyfus 1900:  The Interpretation of Dreams - Sigmund Freud 1900:  National Life From the Standpoint of Science - Karl Pearson 1900:  Sergei Witte on the Tasks for Economic Policy 1900:  Student Life at the German Universities - Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick 1901:  Friedrich Nietzsche's The Will to Power 1903:  Reformist Socialism - Alexandre Millerland 1906:  The Fundamental Laws (4/23) 1906:  The Suffrage Movement Radicalized - from Emile Pankhurst's memoirs 1908:  Reflections on Violence - Georges Sorel 1908:  The Social Gospel - Walter Rauschenbusch 1908:  Turgeniev's definition of Nihilism, as presented in the Novel, Fathers and Sons 1908:  Women's National Anti-Suffrage League - Speech by Mrs. Humphry Ward (7/21) 1909:  The Chemical Industry on the Continent - Harold Baron 1910:  The Oath Against Modernism - Pope Pius X 1911:  From Liberalism - L. T. Hobhouse 1911:  The Principles of Scientific Management - Frederick W. Taylor 1911:  "Winter Study With Church" - painting by Wassily Kandinsky 1912:  An Exposition of Darwinism by a Contemporary Naturalist - Alfred Wallace 1912:  The Sinking of the Titanic - Jay Henry Mowbray 1913:  "Madamoiselle Pognania" - painting by Constantin Brancusi 1913:  The New Liberalism - W. L. Blease 1913:  Selected chapters from The Feminist Movement - Ethel Snowden 1913:  Speech by Emily Pankhurst 1914:  My Own Story - Emily Pankhurst